Penning Trap
Penning traps are devices for the storage of charged particles using a constant
magnetic field and a constant
electric field. This kind of trap is particularly well suited for precision measurements of properties of
ions and stable
subatomic particles which have
electric charge. Recently this trap has been used in the physical realization of
quantum computation and
quantum information processing as well. Currently Penning traps are used at
CERN to store antiprotons. The invention of the Penning trap is attributed to
Hans Georg Dehmelt who shared the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for this work.
Theodicy
Argument for the justification of God, concerned with reconciling God's goodness and justice with the observable facts of evil and suffering in the world. Most such arguments are a necessary component of
theism. Under
polytheism, the problem is solved by attributing evil to a conflict of wills between deities. The solution is less simple in
monotheism, and it can take several forms. In some approaches, the perfect world created by God was spoiled by human disobedience or
sin. In others, God withdrew after creating the world, which then fell into decay.